Mungkin karena jawaban atas pertanyaan itu berada di luar domain kehutanan, sehingga logika bahwa “keberhasilan perlu modal” itu tidak harus diketahui. Biasanya yang tidak diketahui dianggap tidak ada. Bahkan yang membahas modal itu dianggap mengada-ada. Hutan tidak bisa dihubungkan dengan politik, misalnya, sambil mengklaim suatu bukti bahwa rimbawan bisa jadi presiden. Padahal bisa menjadi presiden tidak berhubungan dengan ke-rimbawan-an.
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Rape and sunflower plants can be cultivated in regions that do not face the threat of tropical deforestation in the same way that palm does. But expansion of plantations could harm native ecosystems and result in water use challenges, as well as the many other issues associated with intensive farming.
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Palm oil production has increased rapidly over the past two decades in response to rising demand for its use in food, energy, and industrial applications. Expansion of oil palm plantations presents a dilemma, as they can displace forests and peatlands, leading to biodiversity losses and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Although projections show that expansion of oil palm area will slow with faster yield growth, important concerns remain that will require careful attention from policymakers.
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Although the negative social and environmental effects of oil palm expansion reflect a failure of decentralized governance, local governments have not yet been a major part of the efforts to solve the problem. Governments were notably absent from the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, formed in 2004 to promote the sustainable production and use of palm oil, and its certification systems. Since 2010, zero deforestation pledges from producer and buyer companies became a trend, including business groups such as the Consumer Goods Forum, followed by governments in developed countries, through commitments such as the Amsterdam Declaration in 2015. Many companies set a date of 2020 as the target for zero deforestation supply chains. With just a few months until 2020, most of these pledges are unlikely to be met. There are many reasons that these commitments have been challenging to implement, including: splitting the market, deepening rural food insecurity and poverty, penalizing farmers and farm businesses who are striving to comply with the law, antagonizing governments and farmers in target regions, and creating too many new requirements for producers and processors, to name a few.
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Indonesia faces a seemingly constant barrage of criticism, mainly from Europe, about environmental and social damage linked to its palm oil industry: deforestation, peatland destruction and fires, annual palls of smoke blanketing cities hundreds of kilometres away, land grabs, the unequal distribution of profits between large companies and local farmers, climate emissions, and more.
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In considering what we can do to solve this problem, we urgently need to fund mechanisms to stop tropical forest loss whilst also investing in reforestation in places where deforestation has already been most severe.
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Palm Oil not only acts to promote economic and social development in developing countries, but it also helps to promote sustainable development. The rules and regulations about palm oil, specifically those given by the RSPO, are specific and constantly under scrutiny. Because of this, the regulations are constantly improving and providing better protection, despite that, compared to other oil supply chain regulation schemes, it is already the best and most sustainable.
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Four major vegetable oils constitute more than 85% of the world consumption (figure 4). Sunflowers, rapeseed and soybeans were originally grown in temperate countries, but a rising share of soybeans is now produced in Brazil thanks to genetically improved varieties. Oil palms grow only under humid tropical conditions, and produce 5 to 8 times more oil per hectare than the other crops.
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Women have also been reported to be disproportionately affected by workers’ rights violations, as they typically make up the invisible workforce that help carry out maintenance work on the farms or help palm oil harvesters meet large quotas.
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