Ingenieur (Ir) and Master of Science degrees from Wageningen Agricultural University, with main study topics including aerial photograph interpretation, agro-forestry ecosystems, forest influences, land evaluation, non-timber forest products, nursery practices and soil degradation & conservation; and two theses covering ‘Vegetation Inventory of Baluran National Park (East Java)’ and ‘People And Power Under Pressure (PAPUA), the ecological and social effects of commercial logging of mangrove forests in West Papua’.